When learning Norwegian, one of the first things you’ll encounter is the fact that there are two written forms of the language: Bokmål and Nynorsk. This duality often confuses beginners and even more advanced learners, who may wonder why there are two written standards and what differences exist between them. This article aims to demystify the distinctions between Norwegian Bokmål and Nynorsk, providing a clear, informative, and engaging guide for those interested in the Norwegian language.

Introduction

Norwegian is a North Germanic language spoken by around 5.4 million people, primarily in Norway. However, unlike most languages, Norwegian has two official written standards: Bokmål and Nynorsk. These two forms are recognized and used throughout the country, with each having its own unique history, linguistic features, and cultural significance. Understanding the differences between Bokmål and Nynorsk is essential for anyone looking to learn Norwegian, as it influences everything from written communication to regional identity.

The Historical Background of Bokmål and Nynorsk

1. The Origins of Bokmål

Bokmål, which translates to “book language,” has its roots in Danish. During the union between Denmark and Norway from 1380 to 1814, Danish was the official language of administration, education, and literature in Norway. Even after the union ended, Danish continued to influence the written language in Norway. Over time, Norwegian gradually influenced this written Danish, evolving into what is now known as Bokmål.

Bokmål is the most widely used written standard in Norway today, with an estimated 85-90% of the population preferring it for written communication. It is the standard taught to most students in schools and used in the majority of Norwegian literature, media, and official documents.

2. The Birth of Nynorsk

Nynorsk, meaning “new Norwegian,” was developed in the 19th century by linguist Ivar Aasen as part of a national movement to establish a distinctly Norwegian written language, separate from Danish influence. Aasen traveled throughout Norway, studying various rural dialects, and based Nynorsk on what he believed were the most “pure” and ancient forms of Norwegian speech.

Nynorsk was officially recognized as a written standard in 1885 and represents around 10-15% of written Norwegian usage today. It is particularly prevalent in certain rural areas, especially in western Norway. Nynorsk is seen by many as a symbol of national identity and cultural heritage, reflecting Norway’s linguistic diversity.

Linguistic Differences Between Bokmål and Nynorsk

1. Spelling and Vocabulary

One of the most noticeable differences between Bokmål and Nynorsk is spelling. Nynorsk often uses forms that are closer to Norwegian dialects, while Bokmål retains many forms that are similar to Danish. For example:

• Bokmål: “kvinne” (woman)
• Nynorsk: “kvinna” (woman)

Vocabulary can also differ between the two. Nynorsk tends to favor words derived from Norwegian dialects or Old Norse, while Bokmål might use words that have a Danish origin. Consider the following:

• Bokmål: “begynne” (to begin)
• Nynorsk: “byrje” (to begin)

These differences, though sometimes subtle, can make Nynorsk appear more “Norwegian” to those familiar with the country’s dialects.

2. Grammar and Sentence Structure

Nynorsk and Bokmål also differ in terms of grammar and sentence structure. Nynorsk, for instance, often uses different verb endings and noun declensions than Bokmål.

• Verbs:
• Bokmål: “Han har spist” (He has eaten)
• Nynorsk: “Han har ete” (He has eaten)
• Nouns:
• Bokmål: “en bil” (a car) – “bilen” (the car)
• Nynorsk: “ein bil” (a car) – “bilen” (the car)

Nynorsk also tends to use more gender distinctions in nouns, while Bokmål has a tendency to simplify gender forms, particularly in everyday usage.

3. Pronouns and Articles

Pronouns and articles are another area where Bokmål and Nynorsk diverge. For example:

• Bokmål: “jeg” (I)
• Nynorsk: “eg” (I)
• Bokmål: “mitt hus” (my house)
• Nynorsk: “huset mitt” (my house)

These differences can affect sentence flow and the way sentences are constructed, contributing to the distinctiveness of each written form.

Regional and Cultural Significance

1. Geographical Distribution

The use of Bokmål and Nynorsk is largely influenced by geographical factors. Bokmål is dominant in urban areas, particularly in the capital, Oslo, and in the eastern part of Norway. Nynorsk, on the other hand, is more commonly used in rural areas, especially in the western regions, such as Sogn og Fjordane, Møre og Romsdal, and parts of Hordaland.

2. Cultural Identity

For many Norwegians, the choice between Bokmål and Nynorsk is more than just a preference for a particular writing style—it’s a matter of cultural identity. Nynorsk is often associated with rural Norway and the preservation of traditional Norwegian culture and language. In contrast, Bokmål is linked to urbanization, modernization, and historical ties to Denmark.

The cultural significance of these two written forms is evident in various aspects of Norwegian life, from literature and education to politics and media. Some regions have strong Nynorsk traditions, with schools, local governments, and media outlets using it exclusively.

3. Education and Media

In the Norwegian education system, students learn both Bokmål and Nynorsk, though they typically choose one as their primary written language. The curriculum mandates a certain amount of instruction in both, reflecting the country’s commitment to preserving linguistic diversity.

In media, Bokmål is more prevalent, but there are newspapers, television programs, and radio stations that produce content in Nynorsk. This duality ensures that both written standards remain active and relevant in contemporary Norwegian society.

Challenges and Considerations for Learners

1. Which One Should You Learn?

If you’re learning Norwegian as a second language, you might wonder whether to focus on Bokmål or Nynorsk. The answer largely depends on your goals and where you plan to use the language. If you’re aiming to communicate in urban areas or use Norwegian for business, Bokmål might be the more practical choice, as it’s more widely used.

However, if you’re interested in Norway’s rural culture, literature, or regional dialects, learning Nynorsk could be beneficial. Some learners choose to become proficient in both, especially if they plan to spend time in different parts of the country.

2. Practical Tips for Learners

• Start with Bokmål: Given its prevalence, starting with Bokmål is usually recommended. It’s easier to find resources, and it’s the form most people will understand.
• Exposure to Nynorsk: Once you’re comfortable with Bokmål, try exposing yourself to Nynorsk. Read Nynorsk literature, listen to Nynorsk speakers, and practice writing in Nynorsk to get a feel for its unique characteristics.
• Use Language Learning Apps: Some language apps offer lessons in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, allowing you to compare and practice both forms.
• Engage with Native Speakers: If possible, interact with native speakers who use both Bokmål and Nynorsk. This real-life practice can help reinforce your learning and improve your understanding of regional variations.

Conclusion

Norwegian Bokmål and Nynorsk are two fascinating written standards that reflect the linguistic and cultural diversity of Norway. While they share a common foundation, their differences in spelling, grammar, and vocabulary highlight the richness of the Norwegian language. For learners, understanding these differences is essential for mastering the language and appreciating the nuances of Norwegian culture.

Whether you choose to focus on Bokmål, Nynorsk, or both, your journey into the Norwegian language will open up new perspectives and deepen your connection to this beautiful country. So, dive into the language, embrace its duality, and enjoy the process of learning Norwegian in all its forms.